100% Passing Guarantee - Brilliant ECP-206 Exam Questions PDF [May-2024]
ECP-206 Dumps 2024 - NewEricsson ECP-206 Exam Questions
NEW QUESTION # 22
Which operating system is used in Ericsson Router 6000 products?
- A. Junos
- B. SE-OS
- C. ERS
- D. ERS
- E. IPOS
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
The operating system used in Ericsson Router 6000 products is ERS (Ericsson Router Software). ERS is based on IPOS (IP Operating System), which is a common operating system for Ericsson's IP portfolio. ERS provides advanced features and functionality for IP transport, such as MPLS, Segment Routing, QoS, IPSec, synchronization, SDN, and more. ERS also supports seamless integration with Ericsson Radio System and Ericsson Network Manager.
References: Router 6000 Series - Ericsson, Router 6675 Datasheet - Winncom
NEW QUESTION # 23
In OSPFv2, which route characteristic is used to determine the best path?
- A. packet loss
- B. delay
- C. cost
- D. jitter
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
In OSPFv2, the route characteristic that is used to determine the best path is the cost. The cost is a metric that represents the link bandwidth, delay, reliability, or other factors. The cost is inversely proportional to the bandwidth, meaning that a higher bandwidth link has a lower cost. The cost of a route is calculated by adding the costs of all links along the path. OSPFv2 uses the following formula to calculate the cost of an interface:
Cost = Reference bandwidth / Interface bandwidth in bps
The reference bandwidth is a constant value that can be configured by the network administrator. By default, it is 100 Mbps. The interface bandwidth is the actual bandwidth of the interface in bits per second. For example, if an interface has a bandwidth of 10 Mbps, its cost would be 100 Mbps / 10 Mbps = 101415.
OSPFv2 does not use jitter, packet loss, or delay as route characteristics to determine the best path. Jitter is the variation in latency or delay between packets. Packet loss is the percentage of packets that are dropped or corrupted during transmission. Delay is the time it takes for a packet to travel from source to destination. These characteristics are not part of the OSPFv2 protocol and are not advertised in OSPFv2 LSAs1617.
References: OSPF Metric cost Calculation Formula Explained - ComputerNetworkingNotes, OSPF Cost - OSPF Routing Protocol Metric Explained - Study-CCNA, Open Shortest Path First - Wikipedia, OSPF Metric
= Cost - Cisco
NEW QUESTION # 24
What does an LDP implicit null label cause?
- A. penultimate hop popping by a downstream router
- B. swapping with a new label
- C. penultimate hop popping by an upstream router
- D. forwarding the packet unchanged
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
An LDP implicit null label causes penultimate hop popping by a downstream router. LDP is a protocol that distributes labels for MPLS forwarding along the shortest path calculated by an IGP. An implicit null label is a special label value of 3 that indicates that the downstream router does not need a label to forward the packet to its destination. When an upstream router receives an implicit null label from a downstream router, it removes (or pops) the label from the packet before sending it to the downstream router. This process is called penultimate hop popping (PHP) and it reduces the load on the downstream router, which can forward the packet based on its IP header or another label in the stack59.
References: MPLS Label Distribution Protocol Commands - Cisco, Solved: Implicit null and Explicit null - Cisco Community
NEW QUESTION # 25
What is the function of LSR from an LDP perspective?
- A. The LSR distributes labels of FEC to its LDP peers.
- B. The LSR distributes labels of LDP to its FEC peers.
- C. The LSR distributes packets of FEC to its LDP peers.
- D. The LSR distributes packets of LDP to its FEC peers.
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
The function of LSR from an LDP perspective is to distribute labels of FEC to its LDP peers. LSR stands for Label Switching Router, which is a router that forwards packets based on labels rather than IP addresses in an MPLS network. LDP stands for Label Distribution Protocol, which is a protocol that distributes labels for MPLS forwarding along the shortest path calculated by an IGP. FEC stands for Forwarding Equivalence Class, which is a group of packets that are forwarded in the same manner by an LSR. An LSR uses LDP to advertise the label mappings for each FEC to its LDP peers, which are other LSRs that have established an LDP session with it12.
References: Ldp | Microsoft Learn, Label Distribution Protocol - Wikipedia
NEW QUESTION # 26
What are two roles of the DHCP protocol in a network? (Choose two.)
- A. It is used to inform hosts about the default gateway.
- B. It is used by hosts to obtain the IP address and other parameters from the DHCP server.
- C. It provides the authorization function to the network.
- D. It provides information about the number of hops between the source and the destination.
Answer: A,B
Explanation:
Explanation
Two roles of the DHCP protocol in a network are:
It is used by hosts to obtain the IP address and other parameters from the DHCP server. DHCP stands for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, which is a protocol that provides automatic and centralized management of IP addresses and other network configuration parameters for devices connected to a network. A host that needs an IP address can send a request to a DHCP server, which will assign an available IP address from a pool and lease it to the host for a certain period of time34.
It is used to inform hosts about the default gateway. The default gateway is the IP address of the router that connects the host to other networks. The default gateway is one of the parameters that can be delivered by the DHCP server to the host, along with other parameters such as subnet mask, DNS server, domain name, etc. The host can use the default gateway to send packets to destinations outside of its local network34.
References: What Is DHCP? (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) - Lifewire, Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol - Wikipedia
NEW QUESTION # 27
In an Ethernet frame carrying a VLAN tag, where does the VLAN tag appear?
- A. before the length field
- B. after the length field
- C. before the type field
- D. after the type field
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
In an Ethernet frame carrying a VLAN tag, the VLAN tag appears before the type field. A VLAN tag is a
4-byte field that is inserted into an Ethernet frame to indicate the VLAN membership and priority of the frame.
The VLAN tag consists of two subfields: the tag protocol identifier (TPID) and the tag control information (TCI). The TPID subfield is a 16-bit field that identifies the frame as an IEEE 802.1Q-tagged frame, with a value of 0x8100. The TCI subfield is a 16-bit field that contains the priority code point (PCP), the drop eligible indicator (DEI), and the VLAN identifier (VID). The VLAN tag appears between the source MAC address and the type fields of the original frame, shifting the type field by four bytes. The type field indicates the type of the payload, such as IP or ARP .
References: [IEEE 802.1Q - Wikipedia], [VLAN Tagging Explained with DTP Protocol - GeeksforGeeks]
NEW QUESTION # 28
An IS-IS router has been assigned the NSAP address: 49.00F0.0100.5012.3010.00.
What is the Area ID to which the router belongs?
- A. 5012.3010.00
- B. 00F0 0100
- C. 49.00F0.0100
- D. 49.00F0
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
The Area ID to which the router belongs is 49.00F0.0100. The Area ID is a variable-length field in the NSAP address that identifies the area to which the router belongs. The Area ID can be between 1 and 13 bytes long, but it must start and end with an octet (8 bits). The NSAP address is composed of three parts: the authority and format identifier (AFI), the area ID, and the system ID. The AFI is a one-octet field that indicates the format and authority of the rest of the address. The system ID is a fixed-length field of six octets that uniquely identifies the router within an area. The NSAP address also has a network selector (NSEL) field, which is a one-octet field that identifies the network layer service to which a packet should be sent. For IS-IS routers, the NSEL must always be 00.
In this question, the NSAP address is 49.00F0.0100.5012.3010.00. This means that:
The AFI is 49, which indicates a private address.
The Area ID is 00F0.0100, which is four octets long and starts and ends with an octet.
The system ID is 5012.3010, which is six octets long and identifies the router within the area.
The NSEL is 00, which indicates IS-IS.
Therefore, the answer is B.
References: Ericsson IP Networking - Routing Protocols, IS-IS NSAP address - Cisco Community, Understanding IS-IS NSAP Addresses - Todd Lammle, LLC, IS-IS - Nokia, Network service access point address - Wikipedia
NEW QUESTION # 29
What is the correct abbreviation for the IP address: BFEA:DACA:0000:0000:9390:0000:0000:D91?
- A. BFEA:DACA::9390:0:0:D91
- B. BFEA:DACA::9390::D91
- C. BFEA:DACA::D91/6
- D. BFEA:DACA::9390:0:D91
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
The correct abbreviation for the IP address BFEA:DACA:0000:0000:9390:0000:0000:D91 is BFEA:DACA::9390:0:D91. IPv6 addresses are represented in hexadecimal notation, with eight 16-bit segments separated by colons. To simplify the address representation, IPv6 supports two types of abbreviations. The first abbreviation allows us to skip leading zeros within a segment, while the second abbreviation allows us to drop one or more consecutive segments that contain only zeros, using a double colon (::) instead. However, the double colon can be used only once in an address, to avoid ambiguity34.
References: IPv6 Address Types, Notation, and Structure Explained, IPv6 address - Wikipedia
NEW QUESTION # 30
How many different priorities are available to use in a VLAN header?
- A. 0
- B. 1
- C. 2
- D. 3
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
There are 8 different priorities available to use in a VLAN header. A VLAN header is a 4-byte field that is inserted into an Ethernet frame to indicate the VLAN membership and priority of the frame. The VLAN header consists of two subfields: the tag protocol identifier (TPID) and the tag control information (TCI). The TCI subfield contains three subfields: the priority code point (PCP), the drop eligible indicator (DEI), and the VLAN identifier (VID). The PCP subfield is a 3-bit field that specifies the priority level of the frame, ranging from 0 (lowest) to 7 (highest). The PCP values can be used to implement quality of service (QoS) mechanisms on bridges and switches12.
References: HTML rt Tag - W3Schools, VLAN 0 Priority Tagging Support - Cisco
NEW QUESTION # 31
Which two statements are true regarding the LSP? (Choose two.)
- A. The LSP refers to a specific label assigned to a packet by the LSR for a destination.
- B. The LSP refers to a sequence of routers that add. remove, or change label values along the path.
- C. The LSP refers to a sequence of routers that add, remove, or change label values based on the destination MAC address.
- D. The LSP refers to a sequence of routers that forward the MPLS packet based on labels.
Answer: B,D
Explanation:
Explanation
Two statements that are true regarding the LSP are:
The LSP refers to a sequence of routers that forward the MPLS packet based on labels. An LSP is a Label Switched Path, which is a path through an MPLS network that is established by signaling protocols such as LDP or RSVP-TE. An LSP consists of a sequence of routers (called Label Switching Routers or LSRs) that forward packets based on labels rather than IP addresses. Labels are short fixed-length identifiers that are attached to packets at the ingress router and removed at the egress router. Labels can be swapped or popped at intermediate routers according to their label forwarding tables78.
The LSP refers to a sequence of routers that add, remove, or change label values along the path. As mentioned above, an LSP consists of a sequence of routers that forward packets based on labels. Along the path, different routers may perform different operations on the labels depending on their role and configuration. The ingress router adds one or more labels to the packet before sending it into the MPLS network. The egress router removes all labels from the packet before sending it out of the MPLS network. The intermediate routers may swap one label with another label according to their label forwarding tables. This process is called label switching78.
References: MPLS Fundamentals: 3 - MPLS Packet Forwarding, Multiprotocol Label Switching - Wikipedia
NEW QUESTION # 32
Which route type is restricted in an OSPF stub area?
- A. Type 5
- B. Type 3
- C. Type 1
- D. Type 2
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
The route type that is restricted in an OSPF stub area is type 5. Type 5 LSAs are external LSAs that are generated by ASBRs to advertise routes from other routing domains or protocols into OSPF. Type 5 LSAs are flooded throughout the OSPF domain by default, except in stub areas. Stub areas are special OSPF areas that block type 5 LSAs from entering the area in order to reduce the size of the LSDB and the routing table. Stub areas only receive information about intra-area routes (type 1 and 2 LSAs), inter-area routes (type 3 LSAs), and a default route (type 3 LSA with destination 0.0.0.0/0) from the ABRs910.
References: Introduction to OSPF Stub Areas - NetworkLessons.com, What Are OSPF Areas and Virtual Links? - Cisco
NEW QUESTION # 33
What is the purpose of penultimate hop popping?
- A. to reduce the load on the LSP
- B. to reduce the load on the LSR
- C. to reduce the load on the LDP
- D. to reduce the load on the LER
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
Penultimate hop popping (PHP) is a function performed by certain routers in an MPLS enabled network. It refers to the process whereby the outermost label of an MPLS tagged packet is removed by a label switch router (LSR) before the packet is passed to an adjacent label edge router (LER). The purpose of PHP is to reduce the load on the LER, as it saves one cycle of label lookup. The LER can forward the packet based on its IP header or another label in the stack, without having to process the outer label. PHPfunctionality is achieved by the LER advertising a label with a value of 3 to its neighbors. This label is defined as "implicit-null" and informs the neighboring LSRs to perform PHP12.
References: Penultimate hop popping - Wikipedia, MPLS Penultimate hop popping - NetworkLessons.com
NEW QUESTION # 34
Which statement is true about LDP?
- A. LDP performs routing functions along with IGP.
- B. LDP and IGP both exchange their databases every 30 seconds.
- C. LDP and IGP both exchange their databases every 60 seconds.
- D. LDP relies on IGP for all routing-related decisions.
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
LDP relies on IGP for all routing-related decisions. LDP is a protocol that distributes labels in an MPLS environment, but it does not perform any routing functions. LDP uses the underlying routing information provided by an IGP, such as OSPF or IS-IS, to forward label packets. LDP and IGP do not exchange their databases at regular intervals, but rather use hello messages to maintain adjacencies and sessions. References: Ericsson IP Networking - Routing Protocols, Label Distribution Protocol - Wikipedia
NEW QUESTION # 35
P routers forward packets based on the ______.
- A. VPN label
- B. inner label
- C. flow label
- D. LSP label
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
P routers forward packets based on the LSP label. The LSP label is the label that corresponds to the label-switched path (LSP) that is established between two PE routers in an MPLS network. The LSP label is also called the outer label or the transport label, because it is used to transport packets across the MPLS core network. P routers are also called LSRs (label switch routers) or transit routers, because they switch packets based on their labels or remove the labels. P routers do not need to look at the IP header or any other information in the packet, except for the top label in the label stack. P routers perform one of three possible operations on labels: swap, pop, or PHP (penultimate hop popping). In a swap operation, the label is swapped with a new label, and the packet is forwarded along the path associated with the new label. In a pop operation, the label is removed from the packet, and the packet is forwarded based on its IP header or another label in the stack. In a PHP operation, the label is removed from the packet at the last P router before reaching the egress PE router, and the packet is forwarded without any label to the egress PE router.
The LSP label is different from other types of labels that may be used in MPLS networks, such as VPN labels or service labels. These labels are used to identify different VPNs or services that run over MPLS networks, such as Layer 2 VPNs, Layer 3 VPNs, traffic engineering, or QoS. These labels are also called inner labels or payload labels, because they are related to the payload of the packet. These labels are not used by P routers for forwarding decisions, but only by PE routers for delivering packets to their destinations.
Therefore, the answer is C.
References: Ericsson IP Networking - Routing Protocols, MPLS Fundamentals: Forwarding Labeled Packets - Cisco Press, MPLS Labels and Devices - NetworkLessons.com, Multiprotocol Label Switching - Wikipedia, VPN Packet Forwarding > MPLS/VPN Architecture Overview | Cisco Press, Basic concepts - Hewlett Packard Enterprise
NEW QUESTION # 36
Which two statements are true about router node hardening? (Choose two.)
- A. IPsec should be implemented to secure IGP routing protocols.
- B. Any unnecessary services should be disabled within each context.
- C. LDAP, using the TLS protocol, should be implemented for remote logging.
- D. Enabling syslog ensures system events are logged to a remote server.
Answer: B,D
Explanation:
Explanation
Two statements that are true about router node hardening are:
Any unnecessary services should be disabled within each context. Router node hardening is a process of securing a router from unauthorized access and attacks by applying various configurations and policies.
One of these configurations is to disable any services that are not needed for the router's functionality or purpose, such as telnet, ftp, http, etc. This reduces the attack surface of the router and prevents potential exploits of these services91.
Enabling syslog ensures system events are logged to a remote server. Syslog is a protocol that allows a router to send system messages and events to a remote server for logging and analysis. By enabling syslog on a router, network administrators can monitor the router's activity and performance, troubleshoot problems, detect anomalies, and audit security events101.
References: Cisco Router Hardening Step-by-Step | SANS Institute, Security Hardening Checklist Guide for Cisco Routers/Switches in 10 Steps, CCNA SEC: Router Hardening - Cisco Press
NEW QUESTION # 37
Which two statements are true about priority queuing (PQ)? (Choose two.)
- A. Traffic in the highest priority queue is only reserved for voice traffic.
- B. Traffic in all queues are always guaranteed a minimum bandwidth.
- C. Traffic in lower priority queues can be starved of bandwidth.
- D. Traffic in the highest priority queue will experience the least amount of jitter and delay compared to traffic in the other queues.
Answer: C,D
Explanation:
Explanation
Priority queuing (PQ) is a queuing method that establishes four interface output queues that serve different priority levels: high, medium, normal, and low. Traffic in the highest priority queue will experience the least amount of jitter and delay compared to traffic in the other queues, because PQ always services the higher-priority queues first. However, this can also cause traffic in lower priority queues to be starved of bandwidth, especially if the highest priority queue is oversubscribed. Traffic in the highest priority queue is not only reserved for voice traffic, but can also include network control and routing traffic. Traffic in all queues are not always guaranteed a minimum bandwidth, because PQ does not provide any bandwidth reservation mechanism. References: Quality of Service (QoS) Queues and Queuing Explained, Chapter:
Configuring Priority Queueing - Cisco
NEW QUESTION # 38
Which protocol would be used to bundle multiple Ethernet ports into a virtual link with an aggregated bandwidth?
- A. VRRP
- B. RSTP
- C. ERP
- D. LACP
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
The protocol that would be used to bundle multiple Ethernet ports into a virtual link with an aggregated bandwidth is LACP, which stands for Link Aggregation Control Protocol. LACP is a protocol that allows two or more devices to negotiate the formation of a link aggregation group (LAG), also known as an EtherChannel or a port channel. A LAG combines multiple physical links into one logical link that provides increased bandwidth, load balancing, and redundancy. LACP is defined in IEEE 802.3ad and 802.1AX standards12.
References: Link Aggregation Control Protocol - Wikipedia, What is "link aggregation" and how does it benefit your network? | PC Gamer
NEW QUESTION # 39
IPv6 link-local addresses are designed to be used in which three situations? (Choose three.)
- A. for neighbor discovery
- B. for local IP communication on the IPv6 capable routers
- C. addressing on a single link for purposes such as auto-address configuration
- D. when routers are not present
- E. by routers to forward packets with link-local source addresses to other links
Answer: A,B,C
Explanation:
Explanation
IPv6 link-local addresses are designed to be used in three situations: for neighbor discovery, for local IP communication on the IPv6 capable routers, and for addressing on a single link for purposes such as auto-address configuration. Neighbor discovery is a protocol that allows IPv6 nodes to discover each other and learn their link-layer addresses on a local network. Neighbor discovery uses link-local addresses to send and receive messages such as router advertisements, router solicitations, neighbor advertisements, and neighbor solicitations34. Local IP communication on the IPv6 capable routers refers to the ability of routers to exchange routing information or management traffic using their link-local addresses as source and destination addresses. This reduces the need for global unicast addresses on router interfaces that are not reachable from outside the local network35. Addressing on a single link for purposes such as auto-address configuration refers to the use of link-local addresses to enable IPv6 nodes to obtain an address without manual configuration or a DHCP server. Link-local addresses can be automatically derived from the interface identifier in the modified EUI-64 format or randomly generated. Link-local addresses can also be used to test the connectivity of a link before obtaining a global unicast address36.
References: Understand the IPv6 Link-Local Address - Cisco, Link Local Address - GeeksforGeeks, IPv6 Address Types | Link-Local, Global Unicast, etc. IPCisco, MPLS Label Distribution Protocol Commands - Cisco
NEW QUESTION # 40
Which two statements are true about route summarization? (Choose two.)
- A. It reduces the size of a routing table.
- B. It improves the best route calculation.
- C. It summaries the routing table entries into a default route
- D. It reduces signaling.
Answer: A,D
Explanation:
Explanation
Route summarization is a technique that reduces the number of routes that a router advertises to its neighbors by creating a single summary route that covers multiple subnets or networks. Route summarization has several benefits, such as:
It reduces the size of a routing table, which saves memory and CPU resources on the router. A smaller routing table also improves the lookup efficiency and convergence time of the routing protocol.
It reduces signaling, which means that less bandwidth is consumed by routing updates and less processing is required by neighboring routers. This also enhances the stability and scalability of the network, as fewer routing changes are propagated.
It improves route aggregation, which means that more specific routes are replaced by a less specific route that can be advertised to other autonomous systems or routing domains. This simplifies the inter-domain routing and hides the internal topology details.
Route summarization does not necessarily summarize the routing table entries into a default route, although a default route can be considered a special case of route summarization where all destinations are covered by one route. Route summarization also does not improve the best route calculation, as it may introduce suboptimal routing or black holes if not done properly. : Introduction to Route Summarization - NetworkLessons.com, Route Summarization > Example for Understanding Route Summarization - Cisco Press
NEW QUESTION # 41
For IP destinations not found in the IS-IS Level 1 database, the Level 1 router must forward packets to the nearest Level 1-Level 2 router with which set?
- A. status bit
- B. options bit
- C. attach bit
- D. overload bit
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
For IP destinations not found in the IS-IS Level 1 database, the Level 1 router must forward packets to the nearest Level 1-Level 2 router with the attach bit set. The attach bit is a flag in the IS-IS Level 1 LSP that indicates that the router is also a Level 2 router and can reach destinations outside the Level 1 area. The Level
1 router will install a default route pointing to the nearest Level 1-Level 2 router with the attach bit set. This way, the Level 1 router can forward packets to other areas without having to maintain a full Level 2 database. References: Ericsson IP Networking - Routing Protocols, Configure Attach Bit Set - Cisco
NEW QUESTION # 42
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